![]() In the water sector, Cu–Ag ionization units are used globally to control Legionella and other waterborne microbes that may grow in hospital water systems ( Borkow and Gabbay, 2005 Stout and Yu, 2003 Triantafyllidou et al., 2016). This has boosted application of metals for disinfection in a multitude of sectors. Recent studies have proven the ability of metals to disinfect multidrug-resistant bacteria ( Bauer et al., 2019 Kaneko et al., 2007 Mehtar et al., 2008 Mikolay et al., 2010 Wright et al., 1998), control biofilms ( Harrison et al., 2004 Lehtola et al., 2004) and have a synergistic effect when used with other biocides ( Harrison et al., 2008). Some metals such as copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) display potent biocidal activity against bacteria ( Borkow and Gabbay, 2005 Hwang et al., 2007 Pathak and Gopal, 2012 Vincent et al., 2016 Wijnhoven et al., 2009), yeast, fungi ( Marambio-Jones and Hoek, 2010) and viruses ( Borkow and Gabbay, 2005 Silvestry-Rodriguez et al., 2007). ![]() Use of metals in medicine, food and water preservation is dated back to antiquity ( Arendsen et al., 2019 Gadi and Jeffrey, 2009 Konieczny and Rdzawski, 2012). ![]()
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